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Parkinson's Disease: Progress and Promise in Stem Cell Research Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects nearly a million people in the United States. The symptoms include tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity and less facial expression. No cure exists for the disease and current medications become less effective over time. William Langston, CEO and scientific director of the Parkinson's Institute, discusses stem cell-based research strategies to better understand the disease and to find new therapies. The Parkinson's Institute has an Early Translation grant from CIRM. Tags: 71, CIRM, california, cells, disease, early, grant, induced, institute, ips, langston, medical, medicine, neurodegenerative, neuron, nigra, parkinson's, pluripotent, prop, regenerative, research, stem, substantia, sunnyvale, translation, william 1 Downloads - Last from: http://downthisvideo.com/ (Your Blog here!) |
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Spinal Cord Anatomy and Innervation Animation describing the anatomy of the spinal cord and the organization of the neurons that enter and leave it. Tags: CNS, cervical, coccygeal, cord, dorsal, fissure, ganglion, gray, horn, lumbar, matter, median, neuron, root, sacral, spinal, sulcus, synapse, thoracic, ventral, white 1 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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Physiology : neuromuscular junction - motor unit Check out the high definition version of this video here : http://blip.tv/file/2804950 1- The body movements are controled by muscles. 2- while contracting, the muscle is reduced in length and join closer the 2 bones on which it is inserted. 3- However,it's the nervous system that controls the muscle contraction by the means of nerves. 4- Each nerve contains thousands of nerve fibers arranged in dendrites which carry out sensory information and axons that convey motor impulses. 5- Each motor neuron innervates several muscle fibers, 6- this association define what is called a motor unit. 7- In general, the fewer the muscle fibers are in a motor unit the more the movement is precise. 8- for example in the temporalis muscle there are 1000 muscle fibers per motor unit while in the external ocular muscles there are only 5, this reflects the accuracy of the eye movements. 9- The intensity of the muscle contraction is proportional to the number of motor units recruited. 10- A neuron gives several endings that sometimes scatter throughout the thickness of a muscle, 11- each terminal is intended to stimulate a single muscle fiber in a specific place: the neuromuscular junction. 12- Just before the axon terminal, the neuron loses its myelin sheath and forms a terminal button. 13- The terminal button contains many mitochondria that provides energy and several synaptic vesicles. 14- Each vesicle contains approximately 10,000 of acetylcholine molecules, the unique neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction. 15- On the side of the muscle fiber, we find "The motor end plate", which is the area directly opposit to the terminal button. 16- Although these two regions are very close to each other there is no real contact between them. 17- The motor end-plate; thick and electrically non-excitable form junctional folds that increase the volume of the synaptic cleft. 18- Once it reaches the nerve terminal, the motor impulse causes the opening of calcium channels, triggering an influx of calcium ions inside the cell. 19- Calcium promotes the fusion of acetylcholine vesicles with the cell membrane releasing their full content of this neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. 20- The acetylcholine molecules diffuse then towards the other side to cholinergic receptors accumulated mainly at the folds. 21- The binding of two ACh molecules to a receptor causes the opening of a sodium channel that facilitates the entry of sodium ions in the interior of the muscle fiber, 22- this depolarizes the membrane and creates motor end plate potential. 23- depending on the number of activated receptors that potential may exceed a threshold and trigger a muscle action potential which will broadcast to the entire muscle membrane and cause a contraction of the muscle fiber. 24- The acetylcholine molecules are rapidly destroyed by an enzyme "acetyl cholinesterase" present in the synaptic cleft, 25- this lysis will give 2 molecules of acetate and choline which joins the nerve endings to help form new molecules of acetylcholine. 26- The rapid destruction of acetylcholine allows to avoid the prolongation of muscle contraction. 27- There may be a small release of Ach by spontaneous exocytosis in the synaptic cleft without any nerve stimulation, however the number of activated receptors is far from triggering a muscle action potential. Tags: fiber, junction, medmatiq, motor, muscle, neuromuscular, neuron, synapse, transmission, unit 1 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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What is dopamine? This video describes some of the cognitive functions of dopamine in your brain. For more information visit http://www.iplant.eu/monoamine.html or check out the dopamine fan page on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/pages/iPlant/10521196166 Images: 3D rendering of the chemical structure of dopamine -- adapted from original, © Karl Harrison http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=289 Dopamine neurons and pathways in the brain -- adapted from original, © CNSforum http://www.cnsforum.com Projection patterns from the ventral tegmental area -- from Fields et al (2007) VTA Neurons in Learned Appetitive Behavior and Positive Reinforcement. Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 30, © 2007 by Annual Reviews, www.annualreviews.org, http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094341 Relation between dopamine levels and cognitive performance -- from Cools & Robbins. Chemistry of the Adaptive Mind. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2004 Dec 15;362(1825):2871-88, © The Royal Society http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/362/1825/2871.short Intracellular pathways from dopamine receptors -- from Lindskog et al (2006) Transient Ca & DA Increase PKA Activity & DARPP-32 Phosphorylation, Creative Commons Attribution Licence http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020119 Tags: attention, biotech, biotechnology, brain, chemical, dopamine, learning, monoamine, motivation, neuromodulation, neuron, neurotech, neurotechnology, neurotransmitter, pizza, reward 1 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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Brain-Computer Interfaces (Krishna Shenoy, Stanford University) Krishna Shenoy is creating "brain-computer interfaces" that will enable paralyzed patients to control prosthetic arms and computer cursors. In this short talk, Shenoy describes how his team of Stanford researchers has built a system that achieves typing at 15 words-per-minute, just by "thinking about it". Neural Prosthetic Systems Laboratory: http://www.stanford.edu/~shenoy/Group.htm Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/stanford Tags: Christopher, Krishna, Reeves, Shenoy, Stanford, algorithm, bioengineering, brain, chips, computer, cord, cortex, disease, electrical, engineering, injury, mathematical, medicine, motor, nervous, neural, neurological, neuron, neuroscience, paralysis, prostheses, research, science, signal, spinal, system, technology 1 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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