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HIV Replication & Life Cycle 3D Medical Animation ORIGINAL VIDEO An excellent animation which explains the hiv replication very clearly. For free download of this video please visit my web page http://rufusrajadurai.wetpaint.com/ And other 3D animation videos visit http://rufusrajadurai.wetpaint.com/pa... Regards, Dr.Rufus The Lyrics of this video is here Targeting HIV replication The replication of HIV 1 is a multi-stage process. Each step is crucial to successful replication and is therefore a potential target of antiretroviral drugs. Step one is the infection of a suitable host-cell, such as a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte. Entry of HIV into the cell requires the presence of certain receptors on the cell surface, CD4 -- receptors and co-receptors such as CCR5 or CXCR4. These receptors interact with protein-complexes, which are embedded in the viral envelope. These complexes are composed of two glycoproteins: an extracellular gp 120 and a transmembrane gp 41 When HIV approaches the target cell gp120 binds to the CD4-receptors. This process is termed attachment. It promotes further binding to a co-receptor. Co-receptor binding results in a conformational change in gp120. This allows gp41 to unfold and insert its hydrophobic terminus into the cell membrane. Gp 41 then folds back on itself. This draws the virus towards the cell and facilitates the fusion of their membranes. The viral nucleocapsid enters the host cell and breaks open releasing two viral RNA-strands and 3 essential replication enzymes: Integrase, Protease and Reverse Transcriptase. Reverse Transcriptase begins the reverse transcription of viral RNA. It has two catalytic domains: The Ribonuclease-H active site And the polymerase active site Here single stranded viral RNA is transcribed into an RNA-DNA double helix. Ribonuclease- H breaks down the RNA. The polymerase then completes the remaining DNA-strand to form a DNA -- double helix. Now Integrase goes into action. It cleaves a dinucleotide from each 3-prime end of the DNA creating two sticky ends. Integrase then transfers the DNA into the cell nucleus and facilitates its integration into the host cell genome. The host cell genome now contains the genetic information of HIV. Activation of the cell induces transcription of proviral DNA into messenger RNA. The viral messenger RNA migrates into the cytoplasm where building blocks for a new virus are synthesised. Some of them have to be processed by the viral protease. Protease cleaves longer proteins into smaller core proteins. This step is crucial to create an infectious virus. Two viral RNA-strands and the replication enzymes then come together and core proteins assemble around them forming the capsid. This immature particle leaves the cell acquiring a new envelope of host and viral proteins. The virus matures and becomes ready to infect other cells. HIV replicates billions of times per day destroying the hosts` immune cells and eventually causing disease progression. Drugs which interfere with the key steps of viral replication can stop this fatal process. Entry into the host cell can be blocked by fusion inhibitors for example. Inhibition of reverse transcriptase by nucleoside inhibitors or by non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase- inhibitors is part of standard antiretroviral regimens. The action of Integrase can be blocked. Protease inhibitors are also part of standard antiretroviral therapy. Each blocked step in viral replication is a step towards better control of HIV disease. Script, Storyboard, Art Direction by: Frank Schauder, MD Animation: MACKEVISION Publicity: Dr.Rufus Rajadurai.MD.,D.DENS., Tags: 3d, aids, animation, ccr5, cd4, cell, chromosome, controversial titles, cxcr4, death, dna, doctors, dr.rufus, education, genetic, helix, hiv, medical, medicine, nucleotide, nucleus, profession, rajadurai, replication, rna, rufus, students, viral, virus 2 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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Mechanisms Of Evolution (Part 2 of 2) A short easily understood tale of how evolution really works. Tags: DNA, Darwin, Evolution, Mechanics, chromosome, deletion, duplication, fusion, genome, mechanism, natural, select, species 1 Downloads - Last from: (Your Blog here!) |
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Super Coiling of DNA Before cell division (both mitosis AND meiosis) the blueprints(DNA) are coiled...and coiled...and coiled some more for safer transport when theyare pushed and shoved around by spindle fibers. This happens in prophase of mitosis and Prophase I and Prophase II of meiosis. Super Coiling of DNA w/ Kill Bill Music. Tags: DNA, chromosome, coil, condensing, supercoiling 1 Downloads - Last from: http://downthisvideo.com/ (Your Blog here!) |
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Bioethics Of Human Genetic Engineering - Documentary Video In Vivo : Selected Stories of Genetic Engineering (1996)- Robert Wyrod This experimental documentary examines the frontiers of human genetic engineering. It explores the ethical terrain of the emerging field of human gene therapy research and includes original interviews with the leading scientists working in this area. Director: Robert Wyrod Producer: Robert Wyrod Keywords: genetic; engineering; gene therapy; DNA; experimental; clone; molecular Contact Information: robertwyrod@gmail.com Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Human genetic engineering is the genetic engineering of humans by modifying the genotype of the unborn individual to control what traits it will possess when born.[1] Humans do not need gene therapy to survive, though it may prove helpful to treat certain diseases. Special gene modification research has been carried out on groups such as the 'bubble children' - those whose immune systems do not protect them from the bacteria and irritants all around them. The first clinical trial of human gene therapy began in 1990, but (as of 2008) is still experimental. Other forms of human genetic engineering are still theoretical, or restricted to fiction stories. Recombinant DNA research is usually performed to study gene expression and various human diseases. Some drastic demonstrations of gene modification have been made with mice and other animals, however; testing on humans is generally considered off-limits. In some instances changes are usually brought about by removing genetic material from one organism and transferring them into another species. There are two main types of genetic engineering. Somatic modifications involve adding genes to cells other than egg or sperm cells. For example, if a person had a disease caused by a defective gene, a healthy gene could be added to the affected cells to treat the disorder. The distinguishing characteristic of somatic engineering is that it is non-inheritable, e.g. the new gene would not be passed to the recipients offspring. Germline engineering would change genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos. This type of engineering is inheritable, meaning that the modified genes would appear not only in any children that resulted from the procedure, but in all succeeding generations. This application is by far the more consequential as it could open the door to the perpetual and irreversible alteration of the human species. There are two techniques researchers are currently experimenting with: Viruses are good at injecting their DNA payload into human cells and reproducing it. By adding the desired DNA to the DNA of non-pathogenic virus, a small amount of virus will reproduce the desired DNA and spread it all over the body. Manufacture large quantities of DNA, and somehow package it to induce the target cells to accept it, either as an addition to one of the original 23 chromosomes, or as an independent 24th human artificial chromosome. Human genetic engineering means that some part of the genes or DNA of a person are changed. It is possible that through engineering, people could be given more arms, bigger brains or other structural alterations if desired. A more common type of change would be finding the genes of extraordinary people, such as those for intelligence, stamina, longevity, and incorporating those in embryos. Human genetic engineering holds the promise of being able to cure diseases and increasing the immunity of people to viruses. An example of such a disease is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that affects lungs and other organs. Researchers are currently trying to map out and assign genes to different body functions or disease. When the genes or DNA sequence responsible for a disease is found, theoretically gene therapy should be able to fix the disease and eliminate it permanently. However, with the complexity of interaction between genes and gene triggers, gene research is currently in its infancy. Computer modeling and expression technology could be used in the future to create people from scratch. This would work by taking existing DNA knowledge and inserting DNA of "superior" body expressions from people, such as a bigger heart, stronger muscles, etc and implanting this within an egg to be inserted into a female womb. The visual modeling of this process may be very much like the videogame Spore, where people are able to manipulate the physical attributes of creatures and then "release them" in the digital world. Tags: DNA, RNA, adult, bioethics, biological, biology, biomolecular, biotech, biotechnology, cell, cells, chromosome, chromosomes, clone, cloning, code, concerns, danger, disease, diseases, embryo, embryonic, engineered, engineering, ethical, ethics, experiments, gene, genes, genetic, genetically, genome, genotype, human, illegal, legal, map, mapping, material, modifications, modified, morality, morals, pair, pathogenic, recombinant, research, retrograde, revolution, safety, somatic, stem, therapy, traits, unethical, viruses 1 Downloads - Last from: http://downthisvideo.com/tag/bioethics (Your Blog here!) |
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